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| Fish Biology This section of 'Fish Biology' will be explained by Keith Pratt (of Bradenton), who has a Bachelor of Science degree in Zoology, will emphases in Ichthyology (the study of fishes) and Herpetology (the study of amphibians and reptiles), from the State University of New York at Oswego. There are four basic living groups of fishes living today. Of these four groups, two consists of jawless fishes (the hagfish and the lampreys), and the other two groups have jaws, (the sharks and rays (cartilaginous fishes)), and the bony fishes (all the rest). All four groups differ in the gill structure. 1) Hagfishes - water passes through a series of muscular pouches before leaving through a single opening. 2) Lampreys - each gill has a separate opening to the outside. 3) Sharks and Rays - the gills open directly to the outside via five gill slits. 4) Bony Fishes - gills are covered by a protective outside cover (operculum). Without going into detail of hagfishes and lampreys, I will discuses the sharks and the bony fishes.
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